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A UTHOR 


,  WILLIAM  A 


TITLE: 


ON  THE  INFLUENCE  OF 
UCRETIUS  ON  HORACE 

PLACE: 

ttirxtlLtT 

DA  TE : 

1905 


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100  10  Merrill,  Williain  Augustus, ^dl860-1930. 

245  10  On  the  influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horacerh[inicrof orm  I  ,rcby  William  A.  M 

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Vol  1,  No.  4,  pp.  111-129 


October  27,  1905 


ON  THE  INFLUENCE  OF  LUCRETIUS 

ON   HORACE 


BY 


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UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA   PUBLICATIONS 
CLASSICAL     PHILOLOGY 

Vol.  1,  No.  4,  pp.  1 1 1-129  October  27,  1905 


ON  THE  INFLUENCE   OF  LUCRETIUS 

ON   HORACE 

BY 

William  A.  Merrill. 


The  purpose  of  this  inquiry  is  the  examination  of  Horace  for 
evidence  of  Lucretian  influence.  In  a  general  way  it  has  been 
a  commonplace  of  literary  criticism  that  the  one  was  indebted 
to  the  other,  and  the  scholiasts  and  editors  have  cited  many 
parallel  passages.  The  editors  of  Lucretius  have  also  pointed 
out  in  Horace  similiarity  in  thought  and  expression,  and  the 
subject  has  been  treated  in  special  monographs  by  Goebel, 
Reisacker  and  Weingiirtner.  Reisacker's  program  (Breslau, 
1873)  I  have  seen  and  have  found  in  it  little  to  my  purpose.  The 
other  two  (Goebel:  Horaz  und  Lukrez,  Zeitschr.  f.  d.  oesterr. 
Gymn.  8  (1857),  421-427;  Weingiirtner:^  De  Horatio  Lucretii 
imitatore,  Halle,  1874)  I  have  not  been  able  to  procure,  but 
from  criticisms  of  them  I  fancy  there  is  little  in  them  for  this 
special  inquiry. 

Sat.  I.  Beginning  with  the  Satires,  Horace's  earliest  work, 
and  examining  them  in  their  present  order  without 
1  regard  to  the  exact  dates  of  their  composition,  I  find  in 
I  1  13  cetera  de  genere  hoc,  a  Lucretian  phrase  occurring 
in  3,  481  and  elsewhere.  Then  in  22  praeterea  occurs  as  a 
word  of  transition  that  is  frequent  in  Lucretius,  and  in 
25  ut  pueris  olim  dant  crustula  blandi  |  doctores,  elementa 
velint  ut  discere  prima,  a  reminiscence  of  Lucr.  1,  936  sed 

'After  this  paper  was  written  Weingartner 's  dissertation  was  found  in 
Diss.  Phil.  Hal.  II,  1  sq.  The  canons  adopted  by  him  for  determining  influ- 
ence appear  to  me  to  be  too  lax. 


AIHIiMi- 


112 


University  of  California  Publications.    [Class.  Phi., 

veluti  pueris  absinthia  taetra  medentes  |  cum  dare  conan- 
tur   prius  oras   pocula   circum  1  contingunt   mellis   dulei 
flavoque  liquore.  Plato,  Laws  659  e.  says  that  the  sick  are 
given  wholesome  food  in  pleasant  meat  and  drink,  but 
Quintilian'  quotes  and  comments  on  Lucretius;  Jerome 
mentions  the  honey,  and  Ausonius'  the  wormwood  also; 
Seneca'  the   Elder   mentions   the   wormwood   only,   and 
Pliny'*  the  Younger  reduces  the  allusion  to  unpleasant 
foo.l  urged  on  with  carfssin-  tones.     Later,  Sir  Philip 
Sidney"  turns  the  wormwood  into  rhubarb  and  Tasso'  con- 
tinues the  tradition.     Here  I  think  is  a  genuine  case  of 
literary  influence  from  Lucretius  down ;  so  far  as  the  evi- 
dence shows.-28  vertit  arato  and  Lucr.  1,  211,  vertentes 
vomere  have  no   connection.- 50  quid  referat  intra  1  na- 
turae  fines   viventi   may   be   compared    with   Epicurus 
Kvplac  A6^a,  15  (Diog.  Laert.  X  144)  6  ri},  <^v<re^.  ^Xov- 

Horace  was  not  dependent  entirely  on  Lucretius  tor 
his    knowledge    of    Epicureanism.- In    64    quatenus    id 
faeit  — Lucr.  3,  424  quatenus  est,  cf.  218  and  2,  92<  ;  the 
fact  that  Horace  and  Ovid  follow  L.  in  the  causal  use  of 
quatenus  shows  merely  their  agreement  in  a  development 
of  the  language.-In  68  Tantalus  a  labris  sitiens  fugientia 
captat  I  flumina  -  L.  3,  981  nee  miser  impendens  mag- 
num timet  aere  saxum,  different  forms  of  the  myths  are 
„sed.-70  saccis  |  indormis  inhians-L.  1,  36  inhians  in  te, 
dea,  visus  is  a  mere  agreement  in  the  use  of  a  word.-  98  ne 
se  penuria  victus-L.  5,  1007  penuria  deinde  cibi  be- 
longs to  every  day  language.- 117  fit  ut  raro  qui  se  vixisse 
beatum  1  dicat  et  exacto  contentus  tempore  vita  \  cedat  uti 
couviva  satur-L.  3,  938  cur  non  ut  plenus  vitae  conviva 

Oj    Xj   ^« 

« In.  Kuf  I,  §  463. 
•Ep.  17. 
*Suas.  6,  16. 

•  1,  8,  12.  ^ 

•  Defense  of  Poetry,  p.  23,  ed.  Cook. 

'  Ger.  Lib,  I,  iii. 


Vol.  1.]    Merrill. — On  Influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horace.         113 

recedis,  and  959  ante  |  qiiam  satur  ac  plenus  possis  dis- 
cedere  reriim.  The  conception  is  traced  back  to  Bion 
through  Teles  to  Ps-Aristotle,  and  to  Job,  and  is  paro- 
died by  Babrius.  It  occurs  in  Cicero  and  Plutarch,  and 
in  La  Fontaine  and  Chenier.  It  is  formulated  by  Epi- 
curus himself.  Probably  Horace  got  it  from  Epicurean 
sources,  perhaps  from  L.  And  finally,  121  verbum  non 
amplius  addam  —  L.  3,  941  cur  amplius  addere  quaeris, 
is  a  mere  coincidence. 

2  In  the  second  satire,  verse  8  praeclaram  ingrato  strin- 
gat  malus  ingiuvie  rem  — L.  3,  1003  deinde  animi  ingratam 
naturam  pascere  semper  merely  agree  in  sentiment.- 32 
sententia  dia  Catonis  —  L.  3,  371  Democriti  —  sancta  sen- 
tentia  ponit  may  be  paralleled  from  Lucilius,  Tacitus  and 
Homer.  It  is  a  paraphrase  that  does  not  belong  to  any  one 
in  particular.- 57  (amator)  qui  patrium  mimae  donat 
fundumque  Laremque  —  L.  4,  1129  et  bene  parta  patrum 
fiunt  anademata,  mitrae  agree  in  describing  the  extrava- 
gance of  the  lover  - 104  ante  |  quam  —  L.  3,  939  ante  '  quam 
may  be  paralleled  from  Aetna  and  Manilius  and  occurs 
but  once  in  each  of  them.  This  may  be  a  case  where 
Lucretius'  metrical  technique  had  some  influence,  for 
there  are  undoubted  imitations  of  L.  in  the  Aetna  and 
in  Manilius- 119  namque  parabilem  amo  venerem  facilem- 
que  —  L.  4,  1071  volvivagaque  vagus  Venere  ante  recentia 
cures  is  an  agreement  in  a  prescription- 133  denique  as 
the  third  member  of  a  series  is  a  common  Lucretian  occur- 
rence, but  who  would  say  that  it  is  solely  Lucretian  ? 

3  3,  14  toga,  quae  defendere  frigus  1  quamvis  crassa 
queat  —  L.  5,  1429  dum  plebeia  tamen  sit  quae  defendere 
possit;  here  rhythm  leads  me  to  believe  that  there  is 
imitation.-  26  cemis  acutum.  —  L.  4,  802  acute  |  cernere  is 
a  chance  agreement.  From  38  to  52  is  the  well  known 
passage  where  Horace  describes  the  blindness  of  lovers 
and  parents  in  turning  the  very  defects  of  their  loved 
ones  into  virtues.  Lucretius  has  something  similar  of 
lovers  in  4,  1155-1169.  Plato  mentions  the  principle  in 
Rep.  474;  Theocritus,  Ovid,  Martial,  Moliere  allude  to  it. 


agmimm^ 


114  VniversiU)  of  California  PubUcations.    [Class  Phh. 

Any  one  who  has  witnessed  the  phenomenon  can  bear 
testimony  to  its  occurrence,  and  we  shall  not  be  justified 
in   inferring  imitation   unless  the   phraseolo<ry  leads  in 
that  direction.    Delectant  40  agrees  with  in  deliciis  1156. 
-45  male  parvus  — 1162  parvula;  there  seems  no  other 
verbal  agreement.- 56  sincerum  vas  — 6,  17  vitium  vas 
efficere  may  possibly  be  influenced  by  L.  on  account  of 
Epist.  I  2  54.     66  communi  sensu  —  L.  1,  422  communis 
seiisus  is  an  agreement  in  sound  but  not  in  sense.     The 
sketch  of  human  progress  in  98-112  has  much  in  com- 
mon with  L.-98  utilitas,  iusti  prope  mater  et  aequi  is 
Epicurean  and  does  not  expressly    occur    in    L.    whose 
account  agrees  with  that  of  Diodorus  I  8.     Diodorus  says 
Xp«a     usus.    became    man's    teacher.- 99    cum    prorep- 
seruni  primis  animalia  terris-L.   5,  821   quare  etian. 
atque  etiam  maternum  nomen  adepta  |  terra  tenet  merito 
quoniam    genus    ipsa    creavit  |  humanum    atque    animal 
prope  certo  tempore  fudit.- 100  mutum  et  turpe  pecus, 
glandcm  atque  cubilia  propter -5,  939  glandiferas  inter 
curabant  corpore  quercus.- 101  unguibus  et  pugnis,  dein 
fustibus,  atque  ita  porro  |  pugnabant  armis  —  5, 1283  arma 
antiqua  manus  ungues  dentesque  fuerunt  |  et  lapides  et 
item  silvarum  fragmina  rami.- 103  donee  verba  quibus 
voces  sensusque  notarent,  |  nominaque  invenere  — 5.  1057 
si  genus  humanum,  cui  vox  et  lingua  vigeret,  pro  vario 
sensu  varia  res  voce  notaret.- 105  oppida  coeperunt  mum  re 
et  ponere  leges  -  5, 1108  condere  coeperunt  urbis  arcemque 
locare-108  ignotis  perierunt  mortibus  illi  — 5,  326  cur 
snpera  helium   Thebanum    etc.- 109    venerem    incertam 
rapientes  more  ferarum-5,  962  Venus  in  silvis  iungebat 
corpora  amantum.-llO  viribus  editior  caedebat-5    963 
conciliatrix  enim  vel  mutua  quamque  cupido  |  vel  violenta 
viri  vis  atque  impensa  libido.- Ill   iura   inventa   metu 
iniusti  fateare  necessest-5,    1144    iuraque    constituere, 
1151  metus  maculat  poenarum  praemia  vitae.     Fateare 
necessest  is  a  Lueretian   formula  and  clinches  the  evi- 
dence that  Horace  was  not  only  familiar  with  Epicurean 
doctrine  but  had  read  Lucretius'  description.- 112  tem- 


^1.^ 


8 


10 


Vol.  1.]    Merrill.~On  Influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horace.         115 


pora  si  fastosqiie  velis  evolvere  nnindi  — 5,  1276  tempora 
reriini. 

4,  76  loeus-conchisiis  — 4,  458  conclnsoque  loco  is  a 
mere  coincidence  like  avet  87,  and  also  the  syntax  of  105 
insuevit-hoc  me  with  Liicr.  4,  1282  insiiescat  <te> 
de^ere  and  that  of  106  vitionini  qiiaeqiie  and  Lucr.  4, 
1005  qiiaeqiie  --  seminionim. 

In  the  fifth,  line  73  vaga -flamma  — L.  6,  152  flamma 
vagetiir  is  a  mere  chance  agreement,  but  at  the  close  of 
the  satire,  101  namque  deos  didici  securiim  agere  aeviim 
—  L.  2,  646  omnis  enim  per  se  divom  natura  necessest 
I  immortali  aevo  summa  cum  pace  fruatur  etc.,  and  L. 
5,  82  nam  bene  qui  didicere  deos  securum  agere  aevom.  is 
almost  a  quotation  from  L.    The  Lueretian  passage  occurs 
again  in  6,  58,  and  Horace  102  nee  si  quid  miri  faciat 
natura,  deos  id  \  tristes  ex  alto  caeli  demittere  tecto  cor- 
respond in  thought  to  L.  6,  50  cetera  quae  fieri  in  terris 
caeloque  tuentur  |  mortales:  they  attribute  their  ignorance 
to  the  gods  who,  of  course,  can  not  be  angry,  but  will 
bring  about  a  disturbed  mental  state  in  man.     Horace 
here    is   jesting   and    is   speaking   lightly   of   Epicurean 
principles. 

In  the  sixth  satire,  line  3  olim  qui  magnis  legionibus 
imperitarint  —  L.   3,   1028  magnis  qui   gentibus   imperi- 
tarunt,  L.  is  undoubtedly  following  Ennius.     Horace  is, 
I  think,  following  L.  here.     18  longe  longeque  remotos  — 
3,   69   longe   longeque   remosse  is    noteworthy.     In    the 
eighth,  line  10  commune  sepulcrum  corresponds  to  L.  5, 
259    commune    sepulcrum.     The    thought    variously    ex- 
pressed is  a  trivial  one.     In  46  displosa  sonat  quantum 
vesica  —  L.  6,  129  vesicula  -  saepe  ita  dat  magnum  soni- 
tum  is  a  chance  agreement.— In  the  ninth  satire,  24  quis 
membra   movere  I  mollius  —  L.    4,    789    mollia    membra 
movere  is  a  reference  to  dancing  merely.-  34  simul  atque 
adoleverit  aetas  —  L.  3,  449  adolevit  viribus  aetas :  here  is 
another  national  idiom.-In  the  tenth,  49  haerenti  capiti 
cum  multa  laude  coronam  —  L.  1,  929  meq  capiti  petere 
inde  coronam  is  a  commonplace. 


University  of  California  Publications.    [Class.  Phh,. 


Bat  n  In  the  second  book  of  the  satires,  line  17  of  the  first 
■  'satire  has  Scipiadam  -  L.  3,  1034  Scipiadas;  this  usage 
is  conventional  in  the  hexameter.- 25  ax^cessit  fervor 
capiti  nun,erus.,ue  lucernis-L.  4,  450  bina  lucemarum 
florentia  lumina  flan.mis  is  merely  a  physiolosrical  allusion. 
-52  dente  lupus,  comu  taurus  petit  — 5,  1034  comua 
-iUis  iratus  petit.  Here  is  agreement  in  a  word  for 
"butt. "-77  inlidere  dentem  — 4, 1080  dentis  inlidunt  calls 

for  no  remark. 
2  In   the   second  satire   17   cum   sale   panis  |  latrantem 

stomachum  bene  leniet-2,   17   nil   aliud  sibi  naturam 
latrare;  the  expressive  metaphor  was  known  to  Homer 
and  Ennius.-28,  the  hiatus  num  adest  — 3,   1082  dum 
abest  shows  metrical   license   and  testifies  to   a  certain 
agreement  of  Horace's  satirical  hexameter  with  the  didac- 
tic and  undeveloped  Lucretian.-  83  diem  f estum  rediens 
advexerit  annus -1,  311  multis  solis  redeuntibus  annis; 
the  metaphor  of  the  returning  year  is  sufficiently  trite.- 
88  tarda  senectus  — 1,  414  tarda  -  senectus :  this  quality 
of  age  calls  for  little  originality.- 104  cur  improbe  carae 
—  3    1026  f uit  improbe  rebus.     The  convenient  dactylic 
word  in  fte  fifth  foot  is  found  in  Virgil  and  Persius  also. 
and  is  without  significance.     The  syntactical  agreement 
in  105  emetiris  acervo-2,  703  egigni  corpore  belongs  to 

historical  syntax. 
3  In  the  third  satire  occur  49  palantes  error   certo   de 

tramite  pellit  —  2,  10  errare  atque  viam  palantis  quaerere 
vitae  and  6,  27  viam  monstrant  tramite  parvo.    The  way 
of  life  from  which  the  ignorant  and  the  wicked  stray,  is 
a  conception  that  arises  from  primitive  theologizing  and 
needs  not  to  be  referred  to  any  particular  writer.     Yet 
the  strange  word  palantes  leads  me  to  think  that  Horace 
had   Lucretius   in   mind   here.- 95   virtus,    fama,    decus, 
divina    humanaque    pulehris  1  divitiis    parent -5,    1114 
aurum  -  quod  facile  et  validis  et  pulehris  dempsit  hono- 
rem     This  melancholy  truth  of  the  supremacy  of  riches 
comes  home  to  every  one  as  it  did  to  Horace  and  Lucre- 
tius     I  do  not  know  that  H.  is  altogether  indebted  to 


■j^^^i^j 


to: 


Vol.  1.]    Merrill— On  Influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horace.  117 


L.  for  seeing  what  all  must  have  seen.  But  the  refer- 
ence to  the  beauty  of  riches  is,  I  think,  a  reminiscence  of 
Lucretius.  The  monosyllabic  use  of  quoad  in  91  may 
point  also  to  L.  who  has  it  in  5,  1213  and  elsewhere.- 141 
splendida  bilis  —  L.  6,  1187  spendidus  humor  is  a  com- 
mon medical  allusion.-  153  ni  cibus  atque  !  ingens  acce- 
dit  stomacho  fultura  ruenti  —  L.  4,  867  cibus  ut  suffulciat 
artus  is  another.- 191  reducere  — 1,  228  reducat  merely 
shows  that  re  could  still  be  long  in  this  compound.-  193 
cur  Aiax  -  putrescit  —  3,  871  aut  putescat  is  due  to 
common  mortality.-  199  tu  cum  pro  vitula  statuis  dulcem 
Aulide  natam  etc.  has  no  verbal  connection  with  1,  84- 
100.  Horace  could  have  learned  the  story  of  Iphigenia's 
sacrifice  from  other  sources,  yet  from  the  way  it  is  used 
by  him  I  think  there  is  a  Lucretian  reminiscence.  Im- 
probe in  200  (L.  3,  1025)  adds  a  little  to  cumulative  evi- 
dence.-269  fluitantia  sorte  laboret  — 3,  1052  fluitans 
errore  vagaris  is  an  agreement  in  a  common  metaphor.- 
283  surpite  —  2,  314  surpere  is  an  inelegant  syncopation 
which  survived  from  earlier  Latin. 

In  4,  90  memori  ~  pectore  —  L.  2,  582  memori  mente 
there  is  an  agreement  in  the  use  of  a  metrical  substitute 
for  memoria.-  In  94  fontes  ut  adire  remotos  |  atque 
haurire  queam  is  a  parody  on  L.  1,  928  integros  accedere 
fontis  I  atque  haurire.  This  sentiment  of  L.  had  many 
admirers. 

In  6,  1  modus  agri  non  ita  magnus  —  L.  2,  1172  agri 
multo  modus  is  a  chance  agreement.- 59  perditur  has 
caused  more  discussion  than  L.  2,  831  disperditur.  Both 
are  reflections  of  homely  usage.-  61  nunc  somno  et  inerti- 
bus  horis  |  ducere  sollicitae  iucunda  oblivia  vitao  —  3, 
1066  in  somnum  gravis  atque  oblivia  quaerit  there  is  only 
a  metrical  agreement  in  the  use  of  oblivia.  101  ponit  ~ 
vestigia  —  3,  4  pono  ~  vestigia  is  a  common  locution. 

In  7,  28  Romae  rus  optas;  absentem  rusticus  urbem 
—  3,  1063  currit  agens  mannos  ad  villam  praecipitanter 
-properans  urbem  petit  atque  revisit  may  be  paralleled 
from   other   moralizing.     The   discontent   is  human.- 49 


■■-■■''^PF'iiwiiiw-'tffiiip^   ■  ■?'ai'7'TJ! "" 


lib 


University  of  California  Publications.    [Class  Phil. 


turgentis  verbera  caudae  —  4,  1034  turgida  semine  multo 
is  a  physiological  agreement.- In  81  the  metrical  imper- 
itas  again  occurs.-  90  foribusqiie  repulsum  |  perfundit  — 
4,  1177  exclusus  amator:  the  thought  is  trite.- In  105 
enim  in  the  third  place,  as  in  L.  1,  680,  may  be  paralleled 

from  Cicero  also, 
g  In  8,  51    inulas-amaras  — 2,    430    inulae    there    is 

merely  a  mention  of  a  bitter  herb.-  75  tibi  di  --  commoda 
dent  — 3,  2  commoda  vitae:  commoda  was  common  in  the 
popular  philosophy  (Reid  on  Cic.  Acad.  2,  231). 
Sat-         ,        My  general  conclusion  from  the  Satires  is  {a)  Horace 
m  gener    .^^^^  ^^^  Epicurean  at  that  stage  of  his  development;  (b) 
he  was  familiar  with  Epicurean  principles  some  of  which 
he  had  gained  from  Lucretius^;  (c)  there  is  direct  imita- 
tion of  Lucretius  in  his  work;   (d)   there  is  a  metrical 
influence  also  from  Lucretius;    {e)    there  are  so  many 
places  where  Horace  and  Lucretius  agree  in  small  mat- 
ters that  are  also  found  in  other  authors,  that  the  cumula- 
tive effect  on  the  reader  is  Lucretian. 
Epodes.  I  now  pass  to  the  Epodes. 

2  In   the  second  epode   line  7  superba  civium  1  poten- 

tiorum  limina  — L.  2,  50;  3,  1027  rerumque  potentes  is  a 
chance   agreement.- 13    falce   ramos   amputans  — 5,    936 
decidere  falcibu'  ramos  is  an  agricultural  allusion.- 23 
libet   iacere  modo   sub   antiqua    ilice,  1  modo    in    tenaci 
gramine  — L.  2,  29  prostrati  in  gramine  molli  is  a  pic- 
nic agreement,  so  to  say.-  41  perusta  solibus  --  5,  251  per- 
usta  I  solibus  seems  idiomatic,  as  also  46  distenta  siccet 
4        ubera  — 1,    259    uberibus-distentis.- 4,    14    et    Appiam 
mannis  terit  — 3,  1063  currit  agens  mannas:  the  word 
mannus  is  not  found  before  L.;  probably  these  ponies 
6        were  imported  about  his  time.-  6,  6  amica  vis  pastoribus 
—  6,  1222  fida  canum  vis :    I  think  that  neither  Horace 
nor  Lucretius  was  indebted  to  Theocritus  (5,  106)  unless 
Theocritus  first  introduced  dogs  into  Italy.     The  para- 
phrase with  vis  is  very  common  in  L.  but  not  unknown 

^  Usener,  Epicurea,  Index  s.  v.  Eoratius,  shows  tiiat  Horace  had  other 
sources  than  Lucretius  for  Epicurean  doctrine. 


11 


13 


14 


16 


Vol.  1.]    Merrill — On  Influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horace.  119 

9        before  and  after  him.- 9,  1  has  repostum,  an  agreement 
with  the  old  epic  style  that  permitted  this  syncopation. - 
20  citae  —  4,  576  voce  ciemus  is  an  agreement  in  the  use 
of  a  word  in  a  meaning  later  uncommon.- 11,  2  amore 
percussum    gravi  — 1,     923    percussit    thyrso~et    incus- 
sit  -  amorem :  this  seems  idiomatic,  as  Bentley  shows  in 
his  note.- 13,   14   Scamandri   flumina  —  6,   1114  flumina 
Xili :  flumina  is  a  convenient  dactyl  for  the  fifth  foot  and 
the  use  of  the  plural  had  become  a  poetic  license  that  H. 
thought  permissible  here  as  elsewhere  in  other  metres.- 
14,  13  non  pulchrior  ignis  |  accendit  obsessam  Ilion  —  1, 
474  ignis -clara   accendisset  ~  certamen    belli:    ignis    of 
love  is  common  enough.- 16,  31  tigres  subsidere  cervis  — 
4,  1198  equae  maribus  subsidere  possunt:  this  use  of  sub- 
sidere is  very  rare;  it  was  probably  a  veterinary  term.- 
48  levis  crepante  lympha  desilit  pede  —  5,   272  liquido 
pede  detulit  undas :  this  seems  a  bold  reminiscence  of  L.- 
54  aquosus  Eurus  arva  radat  imbribus  —  5,  256  imbribus 
et  ripas  radentia  flumina  rodunt:  the  proximity  of  the 
.  two  passages  in  both  H.  and  L.  leads  me  to  the  conclusion 
that  there  is  also  Lucretian  influence  here.-  In  17,  66  the 
reference  to  Tantalus  is  not  significant. 
S^general.       ^°  general,  for  the  Epodes  I  find  in  only  one  of  them 
any  real  evidence  of  Lucretian  influence,  namely  in  the 
16th,  one  of  the  earliest  written  and  contemporary  with 
the  earliest  satires. 
Carmina  I.       J  now  pass  to  the  Odes.     The  first  parallel  is  I,  1,  20 
1  et  praesidium  et  dulce  decus  meum  —  2,  643  virtute  velint 

patriam  defendere  terram  and  3,  897  non  poteris  factis 
florentibus  esse,  tuisque  |  praesidium.  Here  there  is  noth- 
ing common  except  the  thought  which  is  sufficiently  trite, 
as  is  27  catulis  fidelibus  —  5,  864  canum  fido  cum  pectore 

2  corda.-2,  9  the  prodigy  piscium  et  summa  genus  haesit 
ulmo  —  3,  785  pisces  vivere  in  arvis  have  no  connection. 

3  -3,  22  Oceano  dissociabili  —  5,  203  mare  quod  late  ter- 
rarum  distinct  oras:  this  notion  of  the  estranging  ocean 
seems  Lucretian.  The  plural  vada  in  24 —  1,  200  is 
without  significance.-  In  30  nova  febrium  |  terris  incubuit 


17 


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TJnivprsity  of  California  Publications.    [Class.Phil. 


Vol.  1.]    Merrill— On  Influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horace.         121 


cohors  —  6,  1143  incubit  <  morbus  >  tandem  populo 
Pandionis  omni,  the  verb  and  the  metaphor  are  too  com- 
4  mon  to  admit  of  imitation.-  In  the  fourth  ode  the  men- 
tion of  Favonius— 1,  11,  is  unimportant,  and  in  7  iam 
Cytherea  choros  dueit  Venus  imminente  Luna -5,  737 
it  ver  et  Venus,  etc.,  have  nothing  in  common  but  Venus* 

7  coming.-  In  the  seventh  ode,  line  7  undique  decerptam 
fronti  praeponere  olivam  — 1,  928  novos  decerpere  flores 
have  little  in  common;  and  15  obscuro  deterget  nubila 
caelo  — 4,  378  nigrasque  sibi  abluit  umbras  is  no  more 
significant.- 16  parturit  imbres  — 6,  259  gravidam  tem- 
pestatem  atque  procellis  have  a  common  metaphor.- In 

8  the  8th,  line  10  gestat  armis  |  bracchia  — 3,  1049  gens 
cassa  formidine  mentem,  the  verbs  are  synonyms  of 
habere,  an  idiomatic  use.- 14,  lacrimosa  Troiae  |  funera 

11  __5^  326  funera  Troiae  is  trivial.  In  the  11th,  verse  2 
nee  Babylonios  I  temptaris  numeros  — 5,  727  ut  Baby- 
lonica  Chaldaeum  doctrina  belong  to  the  common  con- 
sciousness.- 5,  oppositis  debilitat  pumicibus  mare— 1,  326 
vesco  sale  saxa  peresa  and  1,  305  fluctif rago  —  in  litore 
can  have  no  relation  of  influence.  Line  7  fugerit  invida  i 
aetas  — 3,  915  iam  fuerit  is  an  agreement  in  the  use  of 

a  tense. 

12  In  the  12th  occurs  the  Latin  word  for  echo  — Ime  3 
recinit  iocosa  |  nomen  imago  — 4,  571  imagine  verbi.-In 

13  the  13th,  line  12,  inpressit  memorem  dente  labris  notam 
—  4,  1109  inspirant  pressantes  dentibus  ora  may  be  paral- 

16  leled  from  the  erotic  poets.-  In  16,  8  geminant  Corybantes 
aera  — 2,  636  pulsarent  aeribus  aera  is  merely  a  refer- 
ence to  the  ceremonies  in  honor  of  the  Magna  Mater.    In 

22  22,  17  pigris  -  campis  —  5,  746  pigrumque  rigorem,  and 
2l'  sub  curru  nimium  propinqui  1  solis  in  terra  domibus 
negata  — 5,  204  fervidus  ardor  1  assiduusque  geli  casus 

24  mortalibus  aufert  are  mere  commonplaces.- In  24,  2 
lugubres-cantus-4,   548  lugubri  voce  querelam  have 

no  significance. 
26  In    26,    2    protervis  -  ventis  —  6,    111    petulantibus 

auris  have  no  connection ;  and  6  f  ontibus  integris  —  1,  927 


^ 


28 


integros  ~  f ontis  is  not  traced  to  any  source  earlier  than 
L.     Probably  there  is  Lucretian  influence  here,  and  the 
thought  occurs  repeatedly  in  later  writers.-  In  28,  2  men- 
sorem  cohibent  — 2,  1031  quaeque  in  se  cohibet:  this  use 
of  cohibeo  is  found  in  Cicero  as  well  as  elsewhere  in  Lucre- 
tius and  Horace.    Line  5  aerias  temptasse  domos  animoque 
rotundum  I  percurrisse  polum   morituro  — 174  omne  im- 
mensum  peraoravit  mente  animoque:  here  is  a  distinct 
reminiscence.- 7  occidit  et  Pelopis  genitor  — 3,  1027  reges 
rerumque  potentes  |  occiderunt  is  probably  a  reminiscence 
of  L.  as  well  of  the  stock  consolations.- 16  via  leti  — 2, 
918  leti-vias  is  noteworthy.- 18  avidum  mare  — 1,  1031 
use  of  an  epitheton  otiosum.-19  densentur  funera  — 3, 
71  eaedem  caede  accumulantes  and  denseri  1,  656  etc.: 
a  Lucretian  word.     There  is  much  in  this  puzzling  ode 
that  sets  it  apart  from  the  others ;  its  date  is  unknown  but 
it  must  be  one  of  his  earliest  poems,  hence  the  agreement 
with  L.  is  not  strange.     I  have  no  doubt  that  there  was 
Lucretian  influence  on  the  ode. 

In  31,  8  mordet  -  amnis  —  5,  256  flumina  rodunt  is 
conventional.- 34  is  interesting  as  a  paMnode.     Verse  2 
insanientis  dum  sapientiae  —  5,  10  nunc  appellatur  sa- 
pientia ;  5  Diespiter,  |  igni  corusco  nubila  dividens  |  plerum- 
que,  per  punim  tonantes  |  egit  equos  —  6,  247  nam  caelo 
nulla  sereno  ~  mittuntur  <  fulmina  >,  and  6,  400  cur 
numquam  caelo  iacit  undique  puro,  also    12    valet    ima 
summis  |  mutare    et    insignem     attenuat     deus,  |  obscura 
promens,  commonplace  though  it  is,  agrees  with  5,  1127 
fulmine  summa  vaporant  |  plerumque.     It  is  natural  that 
in    withdrawing    from    Epicureanism    there    should    be 
reminiscences  from  his  old  authorities  for  that  insaniens 
sapientia. 
Cann.  H.       In  the  second  book  of  the  Odes,  in  the  17th  line  of 
1         the  first  ode-minaci  murmure  cornuum  —  1,  276  minaci 
murmure  ventus  is  a  mere  agreement  in  onomatopoeia; 
and  30  inpia  proelia  — 5,  381  pio  nequiquam-bello  has  no 
significance.- In    the    third    ode    which    is    Epicurean 
throughout,    in    the   first    line    aequam  -  mentem    corre- 


al 

34 


li 


3 


122  University  of  Calif omia  Publications.    [Class.  Phil. 

sponds  to  aequo  animo  5,  1119 ;  and  in  12  the  invitation  to 
the  picnic  is  something  like  2,  30  sq.  In  this  ode  it  is 
remarkable  how  far  Horace  differs   from  Lucretius  in 

6  describinsr  Epicurean  ideals.- In  the  sixth,  line  14  angulus 
ridet  — 1,  8  rident  aequora  is  a  chance  agreement  in  the 
use  of  a  word;  and  21  beatae    postulant    arces  — 2,    8 

7  sapientnm  templa  serena  I  should  not  press.- In  7,  18 
fessum  militia  latus  |  depone —  l,  257  fessae  pecudes  pin- 

8  gui-- corpora  deponunt  is  a  commonplace;  and  8,  10 
taciturna  noetis  |  signa  —  4,  460  severa  silentia  noctis  is 

9  another.-  In  9,  3  vexant  --  procellae  —  1,  275  venti  vis  - 

10  vexat  is  idiomatic-  In  10,  9  saepius  ventis  agitatur  ingens 
I  pinus  et  celsae  graviores  casu  |  fulgura  montes  —  5,  1127 
quoniam  ceu  fulmine  summa  vaporant,  6,  421  altaque  cur 
plerumque  petit  loca ;  a  commonplace  which  was  prover- 
bial.- line  18  tacentem  1  suscitat  musam  —  2,413  musaea 
mele  --  expergef acta  figurant  may  go  back  to  a  common 

11  source  but  have  no  mutual  connection.-  In  11,  13  cur  non 
sub  alta  vel  platano  vel  hac  1  pinu  iacentes  sic  temere  et 
rosa  —  2,  30  sq.  have  only  the  picnic  motif  in  common.-  In 

13  13,  13  quid  quisque  vitet,  numquam  homini  satis  |  cautum 
est  in  horas  — 3,  1085  posteraque   in    dubiost    fortunam 

15  quam  vehat  aetas  is  a  commonplace.-  In  15,  11  sive  reges 
1  sive  inopes  erimus  coloni  — 3,  1035  ossa  dabit  terrae  pro- 
inde  ac  f amul  infimus  esset ;  15  per  autumnos  nocentem 
I  corporibus  metuemus  Austrum  —  5,  220  cur  anni  tem- 
pera morbos  apportant ;  18  Cocytos  errans  et  Danai  genus 
—  Sisyphus  — 3,  992  Tityos-Sisyphus  etc.;  21  linquenda 
tellus  et  domus  et  placens  1  uxor  —  3,  894  non  domus 
accipiet  te  laeta,  neque  uxor  |  optima,- these  are  all  com- 

16  monplaces.- In  16,  2  prensus  Aegaeo  — 6,  429  deprensa 
-navigia  probably  belong  to  the  language  of  the  sea.- 
Line  9  non  enim  gazae  -  2,  37  nil  nostro  in  corpore  gazae. 
both  with  reference  to  dislodging  mental  terrors,  is  a  remi- 
niscence of  Epicurean  doctrine.- 13  vivitur  parvo  bene— 5, 
1118  divitiae  grandes  -  sunt  vivere  parce ;  17  quid  brevi 
fortes  iaculamur  aevo  |  multa  -  3,  62  noctes  atque  dies 
niti  praestante  labore ;  19  patriae  quis  exul  |  se  quoque 


Vol.  1.]    Merrill. — On  Influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horace. 


123 


I 


fugit  —  3,  1068  hoc  se  quisque  modo  fugitat,  quern 
scilicet,  ut  fit,  |  effugere  baud  potis  est ;  22  cura  nee  tur- 
mas  equitum  relinquit  —  2,  49  nee  metuunt  sonitus 
armorum  nee  fera  tela.  In  this  Epicurean  ode  the  agree- 
ment with  Lucretian  doctrine  is  so  striking  that  a  direct 
influence  is  probable.  The  ode  is  also  one  of  the  earliest 
in  time. 
18  The   beginning  of   18-non   ebur  neque   aureum  |  mea 

renidet  in  domo  lacunar  —  2,  27  nee  domus  argento  fulget 
auroque  renidet  have  no  immediate  connection;  the 
20  thought  is  a  commonplace  and  renideo  is  frequent.-  In  20, 
21  absint  inani  funere  naeniae  —  3,  955  compesce  querelas 
are  mutually  interpretative. 
Cann.  III.       In  the  first  ode  of  Book  III,  line  10  hie  generosior 

1  !  descendat  in  Campum  petitor  —  2,  11  contendere  nobili- 
tate  is  a  mere  reference  to  the  advantage  of  noble  birth: 
and  41  quodsi  dolentem  nee  Phrygius  lapis  |  nee  purpura- 
rum—delenit  usus  —  2,  34  nee  calidae  citius  decedunt 
corpore  febres,  |  textilibus  si  in  picturis  ostroque  rubenti 

2  I  iacteris  is  another  commonplace,  as  is  2,  29  saepe  Dies- 
piter  I  neclectus  incesto  addidit  integrum  —  2,1104  exani- 

3  mat  indignos  inque  merentis.-  In  3,  49  aurum  inrepertum 
et  sic  melius  situm  —  5,  1113  aurumque  repertum  has  no 
significance.- In  11,  19  spiritus  taeter  —  3,  581  taetro 
odore,  there  is  doubt  about  the  genuineness  of  the  Hora- 
tian  passage.  In  17,  12  aquae  nisi  fallit  augur  |  annosa 
cornix  and  27,  10  imbrium  divina  avis  inminentum  —  5, 
1084  cornicum  ut  saecla  vetusta  |  corvorumque  greges  ubi 
aquam  dicuntur  are  merely  proverbial.- In  28,  4  munitae 
-sapientiae  reminds  one  of  2,  7  munita' ~  sapientum 
templa  and  is  probably  a  reminiscence  of  that  famous 
prooemium,  here  jestingly  alluded  to. 

In  the  first  three  books  of  the  Odes  Horace  is  in  the 
maturity  of  his  powers  as  a  lyric  poet,  and  has  attained 
to  independence  of  thought  and  expression,  while  at  the 
same  time  he  is  free  from  the  tradition  of  the  dactylic 
hexameter ;  hence  it  is  no  surprise  to  find  so  little  that  can 
be  said  confidently  to  betray  Lucretian  influence.     Add 


11 

17 
27 

28 


Carm.  I-III 
in  general. 


124 


University  of  California  Publications.    [Class. Phil. 


also  that  he  was  following  Greek  models  at  this  time,  and 
it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the  only  odes  where  one 
may  state  with  confidence  Lucretian  influence  are  for 
Book  I,  the  26th,  28th  and  34th;  for  Book  II  the  16th; 
and  for  Book  III  the  28th.  These  are  all  exceptional  for 
one  reason  or  another,  and  both  Epicurean  and  Lucretian 
influence  at  that  stage  of  his  development  were  at  their 
lowest  point. 
Epistles  I.  Next  in  time,  roughly  speaking,  comes  the  first  book  of 
the  Epistles,  and  the  first  one  was  probably  composed 

last  of  all. 

In  the  42d  line  is  vides,  quae  maxima  credis  \  esse  mala, 
exiguum   censum   turpemque   repulsam,  ]  quanto    devites 
animi  capitisque  labore  — 3,  65  turpis  enim  ferme  con- 
temptus  et  acris  egestas-quasi  iam  leti  portas  cunctarier 
ante ;  these  Roman  evils  are  dwelt  upon  by  Lucretius  with 
such  force  that  undoubtedly  Horace  has  him  in  mind.-  In 
52  vilius  argentum  est  auro,  virtutibus  aurum  — 5,  1113 
aurumque  repertum,  quod  facile  et  validis  et  pulchris 
dempsit  honorem  there  is  again  agreement ;  and  in  65  isne 
tibi  melius  suadet,  qui  rem  facias,  rem  —  5,  1113  posterius 
res  inventast  is  also  reminiscent.-  In  82  idem  eadem  pos- 
sunt  horam  durare  probantes,  with  what  follows,  does  not 
difi'er  in  thought  from  3,  1058  quid  sibi  quisque  velit 
nescire  et  quaerere  semper  |  commutare  locum,  etc.     This 
introductory  epistle  was  composed  when  Lucretian  influ- 
ence over  Horace  had  revived,  and  when  also  his  philo- 
sophical opinion  was  returning  to  its  early  position ;  at  a 
time  when,  in  spite  of  his  protestation  of  liberty  in  verse 
13,  he  says  nunc  in  Aristippi  furtim  praecepta  relabor.-  In 
2        the  second  epistle,  line  31  ad  strepitum  citharae  — 4,  582 
quorum  (faunorum)  -strepitu  is  noticeable,  as  L.  seems 
to  be  the  first  to  use  strepitus  of  a  musical  sound ;  and 
Horace  has  it  also  in  C.  4,  3,  18  and  Ep.  1,  14,  26.-40 
sapere  aude ;  ]  incipe  ^  3,  1071  iam  rebus  quisque  relic- 
tis  I  naturam  primum  studeat  cognoscere  rerum  are  the 
same  injunctions  practically ;  and  47  non  aeris  acervus  et 
auri|aegroto  domini  deduxit  corpore  febres  —  2,  34  nee 


Vol.  1.]    Merrill. — On  Influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horace.         125 

calidae  citius  decedunt  corpore  febres  is  similar.-  54  sin- 
cerum  nisi  vas  quodcumque  infundis  acescit  —  6,  17  intel- 
legit  ibi  vitium  vas  efficere  ipsum  |  omniaque  illius  vitio 
corrumpier  intus.  This  simile  is  ultimately  Platonic,  but 
had  become  trite.-  56  certum  voto  pete  finem  —  6,  25  finem 
statuit  cuppedinis  would  seem  to  show  reminiscence.-  In 

3  3,  19  grex  avium  —  5,  1085  corvorum  greges  is  not  signifi- 

4  cant.-  In  4,  16  cum  ridere  voles,  Epicuri  de  grege  porcum 
is  noteworthy  as  a  jesting  sign  of  the  poet's  return  to  his 
earlier  philosophy  and  to  Lucretius. 

6  In  6,  1  nil  admirari  —  5,  83  si  tamen  interea  mirantur 

is  pure  Epicurean.- In  3  hunc  solem  et  stellas,  etc.,  corre- 
spond in  thought  to  5,  1204  nam  cum  suspicimus  magni 
caelestia  mundi,  etc.-  4,  formidine  nulla  —  5,  1218  formi- 
dine  divom ;  11  improvisa  species  exterret  utrumque  —  2, 
1040  novitate  exterritus  ipsa.- 24  quidquid  sub  terra  est 
in  apricum  proferet  aetas  — 3,  847  si  materiem  nostram 
collegerit  aetas  agree  in  the  use  of  aetas,  as  also  5,  1454  sic 
unumquicquid  paulatim  protrahit  aetas  |  in  medium.-  27 
ire  tamen  restat,  Numa  quo  devenit  et  Ancus  — 3,  1025 
lumina  sis  oculis  etiam  bonu'  Ancus  reliquit  is  proverbial 
from  Ennius.    The  same  thought  occurs  in  C.  4,  7,  14,  one 
of  the  later  odes. 

7  In  7,  8  opella- 1,  1114  opella,  the  form  is  quoted  only 
once  from  Lucretius  and  Horace;  and  24  dignum  prae- 
stabo  me  etiam  pro  laude  merentis  — 5,  1  quis  potis  est 
dignum  -  carmen  [  condere  pro  rerum  maiestate ;  76  man- 
nis  arvum  caelumque  Sabinum  —  3,  1063  currit  agens 
mannos  ad  villam  praecipitanter ;  84  vineta  crepat 
mera  — 2,  1170  et  crepat  are  agreements  in  vocabulary. 

8  In  this  epistle  is  latent  Lucretian  influence.- In  8,  12 
Romae  Tibur  amem  ventosus,  Tibure  Roman  is  another 

10  form  of  the  oft  repeated  thought  of  3,  1060  sq.-  In  10,  7 
musco  circumlita  saxa  nemusque  —  5,  951  saxa,  super 
viridi  stillantia  musco  would  not  be  significant  except  for 

11  the  rarity  of  the  word  musco.- In  11,  10  Neptunum  pro- 
cul  e  terra  spectare  furentem  —  2,  1  suave  mari  magno 
turbantibus    aequora   ventis,  |  e   terra    magnum    alterius 


126  University  of  California  Publications.    [Class. Phil. 

spectare  laborem ;  the  thought  may  have  been  familiar  to 
Sophocles  and  IVIenander,  but  Horace  probably  got  it  from 
Lucretius  since  21  sq.  is  Epicurean,  particularly  27 
caelum,  non  animum  mutant,  qui  trans  mare  currunt  —  3, 
1068  hoc  se  quisque  modo  fugitat,  quern  scilicet,  ut 
fit,  i  effugere  baud  potis  est,  etc.,  and  29  quod  petis,  hie 
est,  I  est  Ulubris,  animus  si  te  non  deficit  aequus  —  3,  939, 
962,  etc.,  aequo  animo. 

12  12,  2  non  est  ut  copia  maior  --  possit  —  5,  979  non  erat 
ut- posset  is  an  agreement  in  a  Grecism  which  L.  has 

13  more  than  once.-  13  dum  peregre  est  animus  sine  corpore 
velox  of  Democritus  — 172  vivida  vis  animi  --  omne  innien- 
sum  peragravit  moenia  mundi  of  Epicurus.- 15  sublimia 
cures  — 1,  127  superis  de  rebus  habenda.-16  quae  mare 
compescant  causae,  a  matter  discussed  by  L.  in  6,  608. 

14  14,  8  istuc  mens  animiistiue  fert  et  amat -- rumpere  claus- 
tra  —  2,  264  prorumpere  --  quam  mens  avet  ipsa.- 12  stul- 
tus  uterque  locum  inmeritiim  causatur  inique  is  the  oft 
repeated  thought  of  3,  1059 ;  and  13  animus,  qui  se  noo 
effugit  umquam,  of  3,  1068 ;  and  14  tacita  prece  rura  pete- 
bas,  I  nunc  urbem-optas,  of  3,  1067.-  22  incutiunt  -  desid- 
erium  — 1,  19  incutiens-amorem ;  and  26  strepitum,  are 
Lucretian.-  35  cena  brevis  iuvat  et  prope  rivum  somnus 
in  herba  —  2,  30  propter  aquae  rivum,  etc.,  which  has  been 
compared  before.    This  epistle  was  unquestionably  written 

18  under  Epicurean  and  Lucretian  influence.- 18,  9  virtus  est 
medium  vitiorum  et  utrimque  reductum  — 5,839  interu- 
trasque  nee  utram,  utrimque  remotum  seem  to  have  a 
metrical  likeness.- 71  emissum-verbum  —  5,  1044  sonitus 
emittere  linguae  seems  idiomatic- 108  quod  superest 
aevi  —  3,  904  aevi  |  quod  superest,  5,  206  quod  superest 
arvi :  here  there  may  be  Lucretian  influence  as  the  geni 
tive  with  quod  superest  is  not  common,  and  the  phrase 
comes  later  in  Ovid  and  Silius. 

19  In  19,  21  libera  per  vacuum  posui  vestigia  prin- 
ceps,  Inon  aliena  meo  pressa  pede  — 3,  4  pono  vestigia 
(c/.  Sat.  2,  6,  101)— 1,  926  peragro  loca  nullius  ante, 
trita  solo.    This  seems  to  be  an  imitation,  and  44  poetica 


Epist.  II. 
1 


\ 


Vol.  1.]    Merrill. — On  Influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horace.         127 

mella  —  1,  947  musaeo  melle  is  also  probably  reminiscent, 
even  if  the  source  is  ultimately  Greek,  as  the  adjectives 
imply. 

m* general.       ^"  seven  of  the  twenty  epistles  of  Book  I  there  is,  then, 
Lucretian  influence,  and  throughout  V  i  book  the  poet's 
attitude  to  Epicureanism  is  friendly. 
Carm.  Saec.       In  the  Carmen  Saeculare  there  is  nothing  noteworthy. 

In  the  second  book  of  the  Epistles,  1,  8  agros  adsig- 
nant  —  5,  1110  agros  divisere  is  without  significance.- 11 
notaque  fatali  portenta  labore  subegit  —  5,  37  sunt  por- 
tenta  perempta  have  Hercules  in  common  merely ;  and  13 
urit  enim  fulgore  suo  — 4,  304  (329)  splendor -- acer 
adurit  is  not  remarkable.- 102  hoc  paces  habuere  bonae 
ventique  secundi  —  5,  1230  ventorum  pavidus  paces  ani- 
masque  secundas  is  a  chance  agreement  of  words. 
2  In  Ep.  2,  32  clarus  ob  id  —  1,  639  clarus  ob  obscuram : 

in  spite  of  Lachmann  's  dictum  that  Horace  got  this  from 
Lucretius  I  prefer  to  wait  until  the  Thesaurus  reaches  ob 
before  admitting  the  indebtedness.- In  58  mirantur 
amantque  —  1,  641  admirantur  amantque  seems  unim- 
portant.-125  Cyclopa  movetur  —  3,  569  moventur- 
motus;  135  rupem  et  puteum  vitare  patentem  —  4,  509 
praecipitesque  locos  vitare ;  138  redit  ad  sese  —  4,  1023  ad 
se  redeunt, — all  fail  to  show  any  filiation.-  151  proficiente 
nihil  curarier  —  2,  39  gazae  |  proficiunt  is  an  agreement  in 
vocabulary  merely.- 159  mancipat  usus,  175  perpetuus 
nuUi  datur  usus  —  3,  971  vitaque  mancipio  nulli  datur 
omnibus  usu  are  commonplaces.- 207  caret  mortis  formi- 
dine  et  ira  —  3,  1045  indignabere  obire:  here  Horace  un- 
questionably has  Epicurean  doctrine  in  mind,  yet  I  doubt 
if  the  Lucretian  passage  influenced  him.- 213  vivere  si 
recte  nescis,  decede  peritis  —  3,  938  cur  non  -  ut  conviva 
recedis,  962  f  magnis  concede :  necessest  is  also  Epicurean. 

m  general.  ^^  ^^^  second  book  of  the  Epistles  there  is  strong 
Epicurean  influence  and  some  agreement  in  expression 
with  Lucretius,  yet  I  do  not  find  any  real  evidence  of 
Lucretian  tradition. 


H  ylllLillllll! Ill Ill Iiillil Illllll—— 


128 


University  of  Calif omia  Publications.    [Class.  Phil. 


5 

7 


Carmina  IV.       In  the  fourth  book  of  Odes  the  3rd  ode  has  three 

3  cases  of  verbal  agreement:   4  clarabit  pugilem  — 3,   36 
elaranda:  18  strepitum  —  4,  582  strepitu;  and  22  praetere- 

4  untiiim—  1,  318  praeterque  meantum.-In  4,  lines  13,  24, 
63  _1,  14;  5,  409;  1,  8  seem  to  be  mere  verbal  agree- 
ments.-5,   29   condit    quisque   diem  — 3,    1090    condere 
saecla  is  idiomatic.- In  7,  9  frigora  mitescunt  Zephyris. 
ver  proterit  aestas,|  interitura,  simul  1  pomifer  autiimnus 
f  rages  effuderit,  et  nox  |  bruma  recurrit  iners  — 5,  737  it 
ver   et    Venus,    et    Veneris    praenuntius    ante  |  pennatus 
graditur,  Zephyri  vestigia  propter,  etc.,  have  a  similarity 
in  thought,  but  not  much  of  expression ;  as  is  also  the  case 
with  14  nos,  ubi  decidimus  1  quo  pius  Aeneas,  quo  TuUus 
dives,  et  Ancus,|  pulvis  et  umbra  sumus  — 3,  1025  lumina 
sis  oculis  etiam  bonus  Ancu'  reliquit.    Probably  this  ode 
would  have  been  written  in  much  the  same  form  if  there 
had  never  been  a  Lucretius. 

In  9,  5  si  priores  Maeonius  tenet  1  sedes  Homerus  — 3, 
1037  Homerus  |  sceptra  potitus,  and  25  vixere  fortes  ante 
Agamemnona-carent  quia  vate  sacro  — 5,  326  cur  supera 
bellum  Thebanum  et  funera  Troiae  |  non--cecinere  poetae? 
This  ode  is  one  of  the  latest  and  ripest  and,  although  the 
thought  has  much  in  common  with  Epicureanism  and 
with  Lucretius,  yet  it  seems  to  me  that  Horace  is  inde- 
pendent in  his  treatment. 

In  11  6  ridet  argento  domus  — 3,  21  aether-  ridet ;  11 
flammae  trepidant  rotantes-6,  202  rotantque  -  flammam 
are   both   without   significance,    as   is   also    13,  20   sur- 
puerat  — 2,  314  surpere,  and  14,  6  inlustrant  oras  — 3,  2 
inlustrans  commoda  vitae.-28  minitatur  agris  — 5,  386 
amnes-minantur  |  omnia  diluviare  are  both  commonplaces; 
see  Bentley  ad.  loc.  for  the  latter. 
Carmina  IV,       j^  the  fourth  book  of  the  Odes  I  find  no  evidence  of 
Lucretian  influence.     Horace  had  attained  his  majority, 
and  even  if  all  the  odes  of  this  book  are  not  his  latest  pro- 
ductions, yet  taken  as  a  whole,  the  odes  of  the  last  book 
show  little  indebtedness  to  any  definite  predecessor:  the 
lOth  (0  crudelis  adhuc)  is  of  course  an  exception  and  is 


14 


in  general. 


Vol.  1.]    Merrill. — On  Influence  of  Lucretius  on  Horace.         129 

probably  an  early  study,  and  I  would  not  except  the  Mel- 
pomene ode,  the  3rd. 

Ars  Foetica.  Finally  there  remains  the  Ars  Poetica.  49  indiciis 
monstrare  recentibus  abdita  rerum  —  1,  138  multa  novis 
verbis-cum  sit  agendum  is  a  reminiscence.- 61  prima 
cadunt  —  4,  376  primaque  dispereunt  has  no  signifi- 
cance.-70  cecidere  cadentque  —  3,  969  can  not  be 
pressed.- Ill  interprete  lingua — 6,  1149  interpres- 
lingua  is  a  coincidence,  and  may  be  paralleled  in  thought 
from  Cicero.-  173  laudator  temporis  acti  |  se  puero  —  2, 
1167  laudat  fortunas  saepe  parentis  is  a  commonplace.- 
359  dormitat  Homerus  —  3,  1037  Homerus-sopitu '  quie- 
test have  no  connection.-  393  rabidos  leones  —  4,  712 
rabidi  leones  is  an  agreement  in  a  standing  epithet. 
Finally  467  idem  facit  occidenti  —  3,  1038  eadem  aliis- 
quiete  is  a  syntactical  agreement. 

^'^ffMieral*'  There  seems,  then,  to  be  but  one  conscious  reminiscence 
in  the  Ars  Poetica. 

Conclusions  ^^^  ^"^^  results  of  this  examination  may  be  sum- 
marized as  follows:  in  early  life  when  Horace  wrote  his 
Satires,  Lucretian  influence  was  strong  upon  him ;  during 
his  more  mature  years,  as  shown  by  his  Odes,  direct  Lu- 
cretian influence  is  for  the  most  part  absent.  In  the  first 
book  of  the  Epistles  the  influence  of  Lucretius  again  re- 
vives, but  afterwards  in  the  second  book  of  the  Epistles, 
the  fourth  book  of  the  Odes,  and  in  the  Ars  Poetica,  it  is 
practically  non-existent. 

The  parts  of  Lucretius'  poem  that  were  most  familiar 
to  Horace  were  the  several  prooemia,  the  hymn  to  Death, 
3,  830  sq.,  and  the  social  epic  in  5,  782  sq.,  that  is,  the  more 
poetical  parts  of  the  work.  Keferences  to  the  purely  di- 
dactic parts  are  infrequent. 


, 


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